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NEW QUESTION # 88
Which diagnosis is most consistent with this image from a patient with acute scrotal pain?
- A. Scrotal abscess
- B. Testicular torsion
- C. Epididymitis
- D. Testicular rupture
Answer: B
Explanation:
The grayscale ultrasound image demonstrates a uniformly enlarged, hypoechoic (dark), and heterogeneous testis without signs of surrounding scrotal wall thickening or a discrete fluid collection. This pattern is highly suggestive of testicular torsion in the setting of acute scrotal pain.
Sonographic features of testicular torsion on grayscale imaging:
* Enlarged testis
* Diffusely hypoechoic parenchyma
* Loss of normal homogeneity
* Absence of internal vascular flow on Doppler imaging (not shown here but critical in confirming diagnosis) Testicular torsion occurs due to twisting of the spermatic cord, leading to vascular compromise and eventual infarction if not promptly corrected. It is a surgical emergency and typically presents in adolescent males with sudden-onset, severe unilateral testicular pain.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Scrotal abscess appears as a complex fluid collection with irregular margins and posterior enhancement.
* B. Testicular rupture would show discontinuity of the tunica albuginea, heterogeneous texture, and often a hematocele.
* C. Testicular torsion - Correct. The enlarged, hypoechoic, heterogeneous testis is characteristic, particularly in the acute phase.
* D. Epididymitis typically shows an enlarged, hypervascular epididymis and may extend to the testis (epididymo-orchitis), but vascularity is usually increased rather than absent.
References:
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227(1):18-36.
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Scrotal Ultrasound Examination (2021).
NEW QUESTION # 89
Which is the most common pancreatic cancer?
- A. Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
- B. Metastasis
- C. Adenocarcinoma
- D. Islet cell carcinoma
Answer: C
Explanation:
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is by far the most common pancreatic malignancy, accounting for approximately 85-90% of pancreatic cancers. It typically arises from the exocrine portion of the pancreas, most frequently in the pancreatic head. Islet cell (neuroendocrine) tumors and cystic neoplasms (e.g., mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) are far less common.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, representing the vast majority of pancreatic cancers." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors, 5th ed., IARC, 2019.
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NEW QUESTION # 90
Which imaging technique best demonstrates ureteral patency?
- A. Color Doppler
- B. Spectral Doppler
- C. Gray scale
- D. Graded compression
Answer: A
Explanation:
Color Doppler imaging can detect ureteral jets, which represent urine entering the bladder from the ureters.
The presence of bilateral ureteral jets confirms ureteral patency. Gray scale may show hydronephrosis but does not directly assess flow.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Color Doppler demonstrates ureteral jets within the bladder, confirming ureteral patency." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Renal Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 91
Which condition is demonstrated in this image?
- A. Inguinal hernia
- B. Cryptorchidism
- C. Bell clapper deformity
- D. Pyocele
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows an ovoid, homogeneously hypoechoic soft tissue structure located in the inguinal canal, surrounded by echogenic fat and soft tissue. This is consistent with an undescended testis, also known as cryptorchidism.
Cryptorchidism refers to the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotal sac. On ultrasound, the undescended testis typically appears:
* Ovoid in shape
* Homogeneous and hypoechoic compared to scrotal testis
* Located in the inguinal canal or, less commonly, within the abdomen
* Smaller in size than a normally descended testis
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Bell clapper deformity refers to an anatomic predisposition for testicular torsion where the tunica vaginalis surrounds the entire testis and epididymis-usually a clinical rather than directly sonographic diagnosis.
* B. Inguinal hernia appears as bowel or omentum within the inguinal canal or scrotum with peristalsis or fat-no bowel loops are seen here.
* C. Pyocele is a complex fluid collection around the testis (usually with septations and internal echoes)- not evident in this image.
* D. Cryptorchidism - Correct. The findings match those of an undescended testis in the inguinal canal.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Oka M. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227(1):18-36.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Scrotal Ultrasound Examinations (2021).
NEW QUESTION # 92
Which foreign body is better visualized with sonography than computed tomography (CT)?
- A. Glass
- B. Stone
- C. Metal
- D. Wood
Answer: D
Explanation:
Wooden foreign bodies are often difficult to detect on CT because of their low radiodensity, but they are highly echogenic with posterior shadowing or reverberation on ultrasound, making ultrasound superior for detecting retained wooden objects. Glass, metal, and stones are better visualized with CT due to their high radiodensity.
According to AIUM and musculoskeletal ultrasound literature:
"Wood is poorly visualized on CT but demonstrates high reflectivity and acoustic shadowing on ultrasound." Reference:
Bianchi S, Martinoli C. Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System. Springer, 2007.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 93
Which condition is demonstrated in this image?
- A. Portal vein thrombosis
- B. Portal hypertension
- C. Tumor extension
- D. Cavernous transformation
Answer: D
Explanation:
The image shows a color Doppler ultrasound of the main portal vein (MPV), which appears irregular and replaced by multiple small, serpiginous vascular channels - a hallmark of cavernous transformation.
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein is a late complication of chronic portal vein thrombosis, in which collateral vessels develop around the thrombosed portal vein to bypass the obstruction.
Key Doppler ultrasound features of cavernous transformation:
* Absence of a normal portal vein
* Multiple tortuous vessels in the porta hepatis
* Color Doppler shows hepatopetal flow in these channels
* Low velocity, continuous waveform flow in collateral vessels
Differentiation from other options:
* B. Portal vein thrombosis: Would show an absence of color flow within the portal vein lumen and possibly echogenic material within the vessel. There would be no serpiginous collateral vessels yet if it's an acute process.
* C. Portal hypertension: Often diagnosed with other sonographic findings (e.g., splenomegaly, reversed portal flow, varices) but not characterized by the replacement of the portal vein by collateral vessels.
* D. Tumor extension: Typically appears as echogenic intraluminal material within the portal vein with arterial waveforms on Doppler due to neovascularity. Tumor thrombus can be seen in hepatocellular carcinoma or pancreatic cancer, not multiple small collateral vessels.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Portal Venous System, pp. 107-110.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Vascular Ultrasound Examination, 2021.
Radiopaedia.org. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cavernous- transformation-of-the-portal-vein
NEW QUESTION # 94
Which finding is an indication for renal biopsy to assess for renal failure?
- A. Hypercalcemia
- B. Proteinuria
- C. Leukocytosis
- D. Hematuria
Answer: B
Explanation:
Significant proteinuria, especially if persistent or in the nephrotic range, may indicate glomerular disease and is a common indication for renal biopsy. Leukocytosis and hypercalcemia are not specific for renal biopsy.
Hematuria may warrant biopsy if accompanied by proteinuria.
According to KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines:
"Persistent proteinuria is one of the strongest indications for renal biopsy to evaluate underlying glomerular pathology." Reference:
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis,
2021.
American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Nephrology Board Review, 2021.
NEW QUESTION # 95
The absence of which sonographic finding indicates the acute process depicted in these images?
- A. Free fluid
- B. Hepatic vein thrombosis
- C. Ductal dilatation
- D. Cavernous transformation
Answer: D
Explanation:
The sonographic images depict an acute thrombotic process involving the portal venous system. The absence of cavernous transformation in the setting of portal vein thrombus indicates that the process is acute. In chronic portal vein thrombosis, collateral vessels form in the porta hepatis to bypass the obstruction, a process known as cavernous transformation.
Sonographic features suggesting acute portal vein thrombosis:
* Echogenic thrombus within the portal vein lumen
* Absence of flow on color Doppler
* Enlarged portal vein diameter early in the process
* No evidence of cavernous transformation (i.e., no serpiginous collateral vessels at porta hepatis) Cavernous transformation is a hallmark of chronic portal vein thrombosis and takes weeks to months to develop. Therefore, its absence on ultrasound supports an acute diagnosis.
Differentiation from other options:
* A. Free fluid: Non-specific and may or may not be present in hepatic vascular thrombosis.
* B. Ductal dilatation: Related to biliary obstruction, not portal or hepatic venous thrombosis.
* C. Hepatic vein thrombosis: Seen in Budd-Chiari syndrome, which affects hepatic outflow, not portal inflow.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Portal Venous System, pp. 105-108.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) Practice Parameter for the Performance of Hepatic Doppler Ultrasound Examinations, 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cavernous- transformation-of-the-portal-vein
NEW QUESTION # 96
Which complication would be associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis?
- A. Venous thrombosis
- B. Portal hypertension
- C. Aortic stenosis
- D. Hydronephrosis
Answer: D
Explanation:
Retroperitoneal fibrosis can encase and compress the ureters, leading to obstructive uropathy and hydronephrosis. It may also involve other retroperitoneal structures but hydronephrosis is the most common significant complication.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Retroperitoneal fibrosis frequently results in ureteral obstruction, leading to hydronephrosis." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Abdominal Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 97
What is a major advantage of power Doppler over color flow Doppler?
- A. Ease of determining flow direction
- B. Doppler angle independent
- C. Improved signal-to-noise ratio
- D. Decreased sensitivity to motion artifacts
Answer: C
Explanation:
Power Doppler measures the amplitude (strength) of Doppler signals rather than frequency shift, making it more sensitive to low-velocity and small-vessel blood flow. Its primary advantage is an improved signal-to- noise ratio, allowing for better visualization of slow or weak flow.
* A: Power Doppler is more sensitive to motion artifacts, not less.
* B: It is still angle dependent, though somewhat less so than color Doppler.
* D: Power Doppler does not display flow direction (a limitation).
Reference Extracts:
* Kremkau FW. Sonography Principles and Instruments. 9th ed. Elsevier, 2015.
* Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
NEW QUESTION # 98
Which vessel is located directly proximal to the origination of the renal arteries?
- A. Left portal vein
- B. Splenic vein
- C. Hepatic artery
- D. Superior mesenteric artery
Answer: D
Explanation:
The renal arteries originate from the abdominal aorta just inferior to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
The SMA arises anteriorly from the abdominal aorta at the level of L1, and just below it, the renal arteries branch laterally. The splenic vein, portal vein, and hepatic artery are located more superiorly in relation to the renal arteries.
According to Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy:
"The superior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta just above the renal arteries." (Moore KL et al., Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 8th ed.) Reference:
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4th ed., Elsevier, 2019.
NEW QUESTION # 99
Which description is associated with the normal sonographic appearance of a tendon?
- A. Thin hypoechoic structure
- B. Cord-like hyperechoic linear structure
- C. Hypoechoic with enhancement
- D. Hyperechoic with posterior shadowing
Answer: B
Explanation:
On ultrasound, tendons appear as cord-like hyperechoic structures with linear fibrillar echotexture when imaged in long axis. The fibrils are highly reflective, creating the typical hyperechoic appearance. Posterior shadowing is not typical unless there is calcification.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Tendons have a highly organized hyperechoic linear fibrillar pattern when examined along their long axis." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 100
Which syndrome is characterized by right upper quadrant pain, ascites, and hepatocellular dysfunction?
- A. Calciphylaxis
- B. Budd-Chiari
- C. Ehlers-Danlos
- D. Klippel-Trenaunay
Answer: B
Explanation:
Budd-Chiari syndrome is caused by hepatic venous outflow obstruction, resulting in hepatomegaly, ascites, right upper quadrant pain, and liver dysfunction. It may be due to thrombosis or compression of the hepatic veins or IVC.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Budd-Chiari syndrome results from hepatic venous outflow obstruction and presents with hepatomegaly, ascites, and right upper quadrant pain." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Liver Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 101
Identify the region where Doppler sampling should be performed in a young woman with severe postprandial pain.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation:
A ultrasound image of a person's body AI-generated content may be incorrect.
The origin of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
The image provided is a color Doppler ultrasound scan of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. In the center of the image, just anterior to the aorta, we see the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arising in the sagittal plane. This is the critical area for Doppler sampling in a patient with symptoms suggestive of mesenteric ischemia.
Severe postprandial pain in a young woman may be a manifestation of median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) or chronic mesenteric ischemia. Both of these conditions are assessed via Doppler sampling of mesenteric vessels, specifically:
* The origin and proximal segment of the SMA
* The celiac artery (especially for MALS)
Doppler waveform analysis should assess:
* Peak systolic velocity (PSV): >275 cm/s suggests #70% SMA stenosis
* Angle correction should be aligned properly
* Sampling must be performed at the narrowest origin point (as shown in the image) This type of Doppler interrogation is typically done in both fasting and postprandial states to evaluate changes in flow and symptom correlation.
Why this area?
* The SMA is anterior to the aorta and travels inferiorly into the mesentery.
* The site shown in the image is ideal for measuring PSV and evaluating for stenosis or extrinsic compression.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Moneta GL, et al. Duplex ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of mesenteric artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1991.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Mesenteric Artery Duplex Ultrasound Examination (2020).
NEW QUESTION # 102
Which finding is most likely demonstrated in this image?
- A. Bowel obstruction
- B. Ascites
- C. Hemoperitoneum
- D. Hydropic gallbladder
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows an anechoic (black) fluid collection in the perihepatic and perirenal spaces. The fluid outlines the liver (LIV) and right kidney (RK), which is characteristic of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity - consistent with ascites.
Sonographic features of ascites:
* Anechoic (or hypoechoic) fluid in dependent areas of the abdomen
* Seen surrounding the liver, spleen, and intestines
* Can be free-flowing or loculated
* Bowel loops may be floating or displaced centrally
This image is consistent with a typical finding of ascites: free fluid in Morison's pouch (hepatorenal recess), a common site for fluid accumulation.
Differentiation from other options:
* A. Hydropic gallbladder: Refers to an enlarged gallbladder filled with clear bile; not visible in this image.
* B. Hemoperitoneum: May appear similar to ascites, but usually has complex echogenicity or layering if acute; clinical context (trauma, bleeding) is essential for diagnosis.
* C. Bowel obstruction: Would show dilated, fluid-filled bowel loops with peristalsis or to-and-fro motion, not evident here.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Peritoneal Cavity and Abdominal Trauma, pp. 125-130.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Examination, 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Ascites (ultrasound): https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ascites-ultrasound
NEW QUESTION # 103
Which technique is used to demonstrate the finding in this video?
- A. Compression
- B. Deep inspiration
- C. Valsalva
- D. Exhalation
Answer: A
Explanation:
The technique shown in the video is compression. In ultrasound imaging-especially of soft tissue masses, the bowel, or venous structures-compression is used to evaluate the compressibility of structures. The image demonstrates a classic grayscale ultrasound view of a lesion or structure being compressed with the probe.
Compression sonography is particularly important in:
* Evaluating venous patency (e.g., for deep vein thrombosis)
* Differentiating cystic from solid structures
* Evaluating bowel wall abnormalities or intussusception
* Assessing lymph nodes and soft tissue masses (as shown here)
When a structure compresses easily under probe pressure, it suggests that the lesion is fluid-filled or soft. In contrast, incompressibility may indicate a solid mass or thrombus.
Differentiation from other options:
* B. Valsalva: Involves forced expiration against a closed airway, used primarily to assess venous reflux or inguinal hernias-not what is demonstrated here.
* C. Exhalation: A respiratory maneuver that passively alters thoracoabdominal pressure, not actively performed by the operator or causing focal structural change.
* D. Deep inspiration: Used to improve visualization of the liver, diaphragm, or gallbladder-not to evaluate the compressibility of soft tissue.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Ultrasound Technique and Physics, pp. 35-39.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Diagnostic Ultrasound Examination, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 104
Which sonographic appearance of the bile ducts is demonstrated in this image?
- A. Dilated common hepatic
- B. Dilated intrahepatic
- C. Normal intrahepatic
- D. Dilated common bile
Answer: B
Explanation:
The image shows a transverse view of the left lobe of the liver with the portal triads clearly visible. The
"parallel channel" or "double barrel" sign is observed-where dilated intrahepatic bile ducts run alongside the portal veins, creating a characteristic sonographic pattern of paired anechoic (black) tubular structures.
This sonographic feature is diagnostic for dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and is typically seen in obstructive jaundice or biliary obstruction from conditions such as:
* Choledocholithiasis (stone in the common bile duct)
* Stricture or mass compressing the bile ducts
* Cholangiocarcinoma
The intrahepatic bile ducts normally are too small to visualize clearly unless dilated. Their dilation gives the liver a "too many tubes" appearance, where bile ducts become as prominent as the portal veins.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Normal intrahepatic ducts are not usually seen this clearly or prominently on ultrasound.
* B. Dilated intrahepatic - Correct. The parallel channel sign supports this diagnosis.
* C. Dilated common bile duct would be visualized extrahepatically, typically anterior to the portal vein near the head of the pancreas.
* D. Dilated common hepatic duct is also extrahepatic and seen in the porta hepatis, not within the liver parenchyma.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Hagen-Ansert SL. Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 8th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Taylor KJW, Burns PN, Wells PNT. Clinical Applications of Doppler Ultrasound. Raven Press; 1990.
NEW QUESTION # 105
Which condition is most consistent with the sonographic appearance in this image of the abdominal wall?
- A. Fibroma
- B. Lipoma
- C. Desmoid
- D. Metastasis
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image demonstrates a well-defined, ovoid, hypoechoic to isoechoic mass within the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall. The lesion appears compressible and shows linear striations parallel to the skin surface - a classic appearance of a lipoma.
Lipomas are the most common benign soft tissue tumors and frequently arise in the subcutaneous tissue. They are composed of mature adipose tissue and are typically asymptomatic unless large or compressing adjacent structures.
Sonographic features of a lipoma:
* Isoechoic to mildly hyperechoic or hypoechoic relative to subcutaneous fat
* Oval or elliptical in shape with well-defined margins
* Internal linear striations or "feathered" echotexture
* Compressible and non-vascular on Doppler imaging
* Located in subcutaneous fat plane parallel to the skin surface
Differentiation from other options:
* B. Fibroma: Typically appears as a homogeneous, hypoechoic mass but is far less common in the abdominal wall.
* C. Desmoid: Appears as an ill-defined or infiltrative mass within deeper soft tissues; more heterogeneous and may distort surrounding tissue planes.
* D. Metastasis: Often more irregular, heterogeneous, and may show increased vascularity or invasion into adjacent structures.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Ultrasound, pp. 1448-1450.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Diagnostic Ultrasound Examination of Soft Tissue Structures, 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Lipoma (ultrasound): https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lipoma-ultrasound
NEW QUESTION # 106
Which structure is most likely shown in this image of the right lower quadrant?
- A. Jejunum
- B. Appendix
- C. Ureter
- D. Fallopian tube
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows a blind-ending, non-compressible, tubular structure in the right lower quadrant with a target or bullseye appearance in transverse section - highly suggestive of the appendix.
Sonographic features of the appendix (especially in suspected appendicitis):
* Blind-ending tubular structure arising from the cecum
* Non-compressible on graded compression
* Diameter >6 mm is suggestive of appendicitis
* May demonstrate a "target sign" in transverse view (concentric ring-like appearance)
* Increased echogenicity of surrounding fat in cases of inflammation
* May contain an appendicolith or show hyperemia on color Doppler if inflamed The location (right lower quadrant) and appearance in this case are classic for the normal or potentially inflamed appendix.
Differentiation from other options:
* A. Fallopian tube: Located more in the adnexal regions and usually not visible unless distended (e.g., hydrosalpinx).
* B. Ureter: Usually not visualized on ultrasound unless dilated due to obstruction.
* D. Jejunum: Has valvulae conniventes ("keyboard sign") and peristalsis; does not present with a blind- ending tubular appearance from the cecum.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Gastrointestinal Tract, pp. 460-468.
American College of Radiology (ACR). ACR Appropriateness Criteria - Right Lower Quadrant Pain - Suspected Appendicitis.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Pediatric Abdominal and/or Retroperitoneal Ultrasound Examination, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 107
Which technique best differentiates a bladder mass from a hematoma?
- A. Change patient position
- B. Fill the bladder
- C. Obtain post-void image
- D. Use harmonic imaging
Answer: A
Explanation:
Changing the patient's position allows evaluation of lesion mobility. Blood clots and hematomas are often mobile, while true bladder wall masses remain fixed. This technique helps differentiate between solid masses and non-adherent debris.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Changing patient position may distinguish between mobile blood clots and fixed bladder wall masses." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Bladder Ultrasound, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 108
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